ABS MATH Function Windows/Unix
A math function that returns the absolute value of a numeric expression.
Syntax: ABS(numeric-expression)
A% = ABS(-123)
Details:
The absolute value of function returns the unsigned magnitude of its argument. So, ABS(-1) and ABS(1) are both 1.
ACOS MATH Function Windows/Unix
A math function that returns the arccosine of a numeric expression.
Syntax: ACOS(numeric-expression)
D# = ACOS(0.55)
Details:
Numeric-expression is in the range -1 to 1.
ASC STRING Function Windows/Unix
A string processing function that returns a numeric value that is the ASCII code for the first character in a string expression.
Syntax: ASC(string-expression)
A% = ASC("A")
ASIN MATH Function Windows/Unix
A math function that returns the arcsine of a numeric expression.
Syntax: ASIN(numeric-expression)
D# = ASIN(0.55)
Details:
Numeric-expression is in the range -1 to 1.
ATN/ATAN MATH Function Windows/Unix
A math function that returns the arctangent of a numeric expression.
Syntax: ATN(numeric-expression)
D# = ATN(0.9)
Details:
Numeric-expression is the angle expressed in radians.
BIN$ CONVERSION Function Windows/Unix
A binary conversion function which will convert any positive INTEGER number to its binary representation.
Syntax: BIN$(numeric-expression)
S$ = BIN$(123)
Details:
Negative numbers are not supported, and so results are not defined.
BIND POINTER Function Windows/Unix
BIND will bind a variable as a function pointer.
Syntax: BIND variable TO function
DECLARE SUB MyFunc(X AS INTEGER)
BIND A% TO MyFunc
Details:
To invoke this function pointer, use CALLFUNC.
CALLBACK/CODEPTR ADDRESS Function Windows
CODEPTR (or CALLBACK) will return the absolute address of a SUB or FUNCTION.
Syntax: CODEPTR(MySUB)
SUB MySUB
END SUB
A& = CODEPTR(MySUB)
Details:
Use this function for CALLBACK routines. Not all cases are implemented, results may vary depending on the CALLBACK and the type of parameters it receives.
CALLFUNC POINTER Function Windows/Unix
CALLFUNC will execute the function pointer that was bound by using BIND.
Syntax: CALLFUNC(fptr, param1, param2, ...)
CALLFUNC(FPtr, 10, 20)
PRINT CALLFUNC(FPtr2, 10, 20)
Details:
Depending on how you BIND your function pointer, you can either call CALLFUNC as a statement or a function. Make sure to supply the necessary number of parameters, else you will receive a compile error. Passing function pointers as parameters is not yet implemented, but you can read up on Ãëàâà 11 to see how to emulate this.
CEIL MATH Function Windows/Unix
A math function that rounds a numeric expression up toward positive infinity.
Syntax: CEIL(numeric-expression)
A% = CEIL(66.2) '-- Returns 67
CHDIR will change the current working directory for your application.
Syntax: CHDIR string-expression
CHDIR "c:\windows"
CHR$ STRING Function Windows/Unix
A string processing function that returns a one-character string whose ASCII code is the argument.
Syntax: CHR$(numeric-expression)
A$ = CHR$(66)
Details:
Numeric-expression should be in the range 0-255.
CINT CONVERSION Function Windows/Unix
A conversion function that converts a numeric expression to an integer by rounding the fractional part of the expression.
Syntax: CINT(numeric-expression)
A% = CINT(66.7)
Details:
Implemented for compatibility with QBasic, you can use the more logical function, ROUND, instead.
CLNG CONVERSION Function Windows/Unix
A conversion function that converts a numeric expression to an integer by rounding the fractional part of the expression.
Syntax: CLNG(numeric-expression)
A% = CLNG(66.7) '-- equals 67
Details:
Implemented for compatibility with QBasic, you can use the more logical function, ROUND, instead.
CONST Statement Windows/Unix
A non-executable statement that declares symbolic constants to use in place of numeric or string values.
Syntax: CONST constantname [ as Datatype ]= expression
CONST False = 0
CONST True AS LONG = NOT False
CONST A$ = "Hi world!"
CONST Char = CHR$(66)
CONST Combine = A$ + Char
Details:
Expression can be any value, numeric or string. Rapid-Q will decipher what the constant value will be bound to (ie. a string or a numeric variable) if the constantname is not followed by a type-declaration character (%. &, !, #, $, etc...).
CONVBASE$ CONVERSION Function Windows/Unix
A conversion function which takes the string expression represented in a specified base to be converted to another specified base determined by the arguments passed.
Syntax: CONVBASE$(string-expression, frombase, tobase)
S$ = CONVBASE$("FFD", 16, 2) '-- Convert from base 16 to 2
S$ = CONVBASE$("287", 10, 16) '-- Convert from base 10 to 16
Details:
Negative numbers are not supported.
COS MATH Function Windows/Unix
A math function that returns the cosine of an angle given in radians.
Syntax: COS(numeric-expression)
PI = 3.14153
C# = COS(PI)
Details:
Numeric-expression is the angle expressed in radians.
DATA Statement Windows/Unix
A non-executable statement that stores the numeric and string constants used by a program's READ statements.
Syntax: DATA {constant|EXECUTE(...)}[,...]
DATA my dog ate my homework, "oh, boy!", 34.4
DATA EXECUTE(LEFT$("Hello", 2, 3))
Details:
Constant is any valid numeric or string constant. If a string constant contains commas, colons, or leading or trailing spaces you want to preserve in your program, you must enclose the string in double quotes. You can also execute code by using the EXECUTE keyword. The return value of this executed code will be the value returned to your READ statement.
DATE$ SYSTEM Function Windows/Unix
A function that returns a string containing the current date formatted as MM-DD-YYYY. Where MM = month (1-12), DD = day (1-31) and YY = year (1980-2099)
Syntax: DATE$
PRINT DATE$
Details:
Unlike QBasic where you can set the current date using the DATE$ statement, you cannot do this under Rapid-Q.
DEC Statement Windows/Unix
Decrements numeric variable by one, or by the amount specified.
Syntax: DEC(variable [, amount])
DEC(I)
DEC(I, 10)
DEF... Statement Windows/Unix
DEFBYTE, DEFDBL, DEFDWORD, DEFINT, DEFLNG, DEFSHORT, DEFSNG, DEFSTR, DEFWORD are declaration statements that name one or more variables and allocates storage space for them.
Syntax: DEFINT variable[(subscripts)] [, ...]
DEFSTR A, B, C="Hello", D, E
DEFINT I=99, J(100,10), K
Details:
You cannot specify a range of variables, for example: DEFINT A-Z works fine under QBasic, but not Rapid-Q. You can initialize each variable as demonstrated above. DEF... statements are equivalent to calling DIM, but can save you a lot of typing. To initialize an array, wrap the values around curly braces {...}. For Example,
DEFINT A(1 TO 10) = {1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10}
Initializes elements 1 through 10 with the values 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, and 10 respectively.
DELETE$ STRING Function Windows/Unix
A function that deletes part of a string.
Syntax: DELETE$(string-expression, start, length)
A$ = DELETE$("Hello world", 2, 3) '-- Result: Ho world
DIM Statement Windows/Unix
Declaration statement that names one or more variables and allocates storage space for them.
Syntax: DIM variable[(subscripts)] AS type
DIM A AS INTEGER, B(2,5,3,9,2) AS INTEGER
DIM S AS STRING
DIM Form AS QFORM
Details:
Use the optional (subscripts) to declare the size of arrays, up to 5 dimensions.
DIR$ SYSTEM Function Windows
A system function used to obtain the first/next file corresponding to a specified filespec.
Syntax: DIR$[(file-spec, attribute)]
FileName$ = DIR$("*.*", 0) '-- Get first file
FileName$ = DIR$ '-- Get next file
Details:
File-spec specifies a filename or path (which can include wildcards characters). Calling DIR$ with no parameters return additional filename matches. If no matches exist (or all matches have been exhausted), DIR$ returns an empty string. DIR$ returns all regular files as well as any special files specified in the attribute parameter.
Here are some valid file attributes, you can combine
them by using OR (ie. faReadOnly OR faDirectory)
&H1 = faReadOnly &H8 = faVolumeID
&H2 = faHidden &H10 = faDirectory
&H4 = faSysFile &H20 = faArchive
&H3F = faAnyFile
To obtain additional information on the currently matched file, use the
FileRec properties.
FileRec.FileName - Returns Windows long file name FileRec.ShortName - Returns the short file name FileRec.Date - Returns the file date as a string FileRec.Time - Returns the file time as a string FileRec.Size - Returns the file size FileRec.FileTime - Returns the file time as an integerYou can use FileRec.FileTime to compare file times. So a newer file will have a FileTime greater than an older file.
DIREXISTS SYSTEM Function Windows
A function that returns 0 if directory does not exist, non-zero otherwise.
Syntax: DIREXISTS(string-expression)
A = DIREXISTS("c:\windows") or A = DIREXISTS("c:\windows\")
DOEVENTS RAPID-Q Specific Windows
Returns control to the operating system to process the events in its queue, and returns back control to the program once done.
Syntax: DOEVENTS
DO
DOEVENTS
LOOP
Details:
DoEvents should normally be used for long-running processes (ie. long loops or anything else that eats up the CPU), so that the user can abort the process if necessary. DoEvents can also be used to handle multiple forms.
END Statement Windows/Unix
Terminates your program.
Syntax: END
END
Details:
Call END to terminate your application, but if there are any Windows still opened, you should close them first.
ENVIRON SYSTEM Statement Windows/Unix
A statement used to set or modify an environment variable.
Syntax: ENVIRON string-expression
ENVIRON "PATH=c:\windows"
ENVIRON "TEST what"
Details:
String-expression must have the form
parametername=text
or
parametername text
Everything to the left of the equal sign or space is assumed to be a parameter, and everything to the right, text. If the parametername has not previously existed in the environment string table, it is appended to the end of the table. If a pametername already exists, it gets deleted and the new parametername is appended to the end of the table.
ENVIRON$ SYSTEM Function Windows/Unix
A function that returns an environment string.
Syntax: ENVIRON$(environment-string)
A$ = ENVIRON$("PATH")
Details:
It is not possible, at this time, to retrieve an environment string by its index.
EXP MATH Function Windows/Unix
A math function that returns the exponential function (e raised to the power of n).
Syntax: EXP(numeric-expression)
A# = EXP(1)
EXTRACTRESOURCE RESOURCE Statement Windows/Unix
A statement that extracts a resource, from the current program, to a file.
Syntax: EXTRACTRESOURCE resource-value, filename
EXTRACTRESOURCE Resource(0), "test.bmp"
Details:
The resource-value is the absolute position of the resource within the current program. To find the absolute position of the resource, see also RESOURCE(), and RESOURCECOUNT.
FIELD$ STRING Function Windows/Unix
A function that returns a field (or token) separated by deliminators.
Syntax: FIELD$(Source-string, deliminator-string, field-number)
A$ = FIELD$("John&Doe&555-1234", "&", 2) '-- Returns Doe
A$ = FIELD$("John&&Doe&&555-1234", "&&", 3) '-- Returns 555-1234
FILEEXISTS SYSTEM Function Windows/Unix
A function that returns 0 if file does not exist, non-zero otherwise. The current working directory is searched for the file if no path is specified.
Syntax: FILEEXISTS(string-expression)
A = FILEEXISTS("rapidq.exe")
FIX MATH Function Windows/Unix
A function that removes the fractional part of a number.
Syntax: FIX(numeric-expression)
A% = FIX(342.97)
FLOOR MATH Function Windows/Unix
A math function that rounds a numeric expression down toward negative infinity.
Syntax: FLOOR(numeric-expression)
A% = FLOOR(66.7) '-- Returns 66
FORMAT$ STRING Function Windows/Unix
A function that returns a formatted string assembled from a Pascal style format string and a series of arguments. The Pascal style format string closely resembles C style format strings, but definitely not VB compatible.
Syntax: FORMAT$(Format-string, arg1, arg2, ...)
A$ = FORMAT$("Location: %s %4d %-10.4g", "Any", 1234, 55.39) '-- Returns Location: Any 1234 55.39
Details:
Format strings passed to the string formatting routines contain two types of objects--plain characters and format specifiers. Plain characters are copied verbatim to the resulting string. Format specifiers fetch arguments from the argument list and apply formatting to them. Format specifiers have the following form:
"%" [index ":"] ["-"] [width] ["." prec] typeA format specifier begins with a % character. After the % come the following, in this order:
An optional argument index specifier, [index ":"] An optional left justification indicator, ["-"] An optional width specifier, [width] An optional precision specifier, ["." prec] The conversion type character, typeThe following table summarizes the possible values for type:
| d | Decimal. The argument should be an integer value. The value is converted to a string of decimal digits. If the format string contains a precision specifier, it indicates that the resulting string must contain at least the specified number of digits; if the value has less digits, the resulting string is left-padded with zeros. |
| e | Scientific. The argument should be a floating-point value. The value is converted to a string of the form "-d.ddd...E+ddd". The resulting string starts with a minus sign if the number is negative. One digit always precedes the decimal point. The total number of digits in the resulting string (including the one before the decimal point) is given by the precision specifier in the format string--a default precision of 15 is assumed if no precision specifier is present. The "E" exponent character in the resulting string is always followed by a plus or minus sign and at least three digits. |
| f | Fixed. The argument should be a floating-point value. The value is converted to a string of the form "-ddd.ddd...". The resulting string starts with a minus sign if the number is negative. The number of digits after the decimal point is given by the precision specifier in the format string--a default of 2 decimal digits is assumed if no precision specifier is present. |
| g | General. The argument should be a floating-point value. The value is converted to the shortest possible decimal string using fixed or scientific format. The number of significant digits in the resulting string is given by the precision specifier in the format string--a default precision of 15 is assumed if no precision specifier is present. Trailing zeros are removed from the resulting string, and a decimal point appears only if necessary. The resulting string uses fixed point format if the number of digits to the left of the decimal point in the value is less than or equal to the specified precision, and if the value is greater than or equal to 0.00001. Otherwise the resulting string uses scientific format. |
| n | Number. The argument should be a floating-point value. The value is converted to a string of the form "-d,ddd,ddd.ddd...". The "n" format corresponds to the "f" format, except that the resulting string contains thousand separators. |
| m | Money. The argument should be a floating-point value. The value is converted to a string that represents a currency amount. |
| s | String. The argument must be a string. The string or character is inserted in place of the format specifier. The precision specifier, if present in the format string, specifies the maximum length of the resulting string. If the argument is a string that is longer than this maximum, the string is truncated. |
| x | Hexadecimal. The argument should be an integer value. The value is converted to a string of hexadecimal digits. If the format string contains a precision specifier, it indicates that the resulting string must contain at least the specified number of digits; if the value has fewer digits, the resulting string is left-padded with zeros. |
Conversion characters may be specified in uppercase as well as in lowercase--both produce the same results.
An index specifier sets the current argument list index to the specified value. The index of the first argument in the argument list is 0. Using index specifiers, it is possible to format the same argument multiple times. For example Format$("%d %d %0:d %d", 10, 20) produces the string "10 20 10 20".
FRAC MATH Function Windows/Unix
A function that returns the fractional part of a number.
Syntax: FRAC(numeric-expression)
A# = FRAC(342.97)
HEX$ CONVERSION Function Windows/Unix
A function that returns the hexidecimal (base 16) representation of the (base 10) numeric expression.
Syntax: HEX$(numeric-expression)
A$ = HEX$(123)
Details:
Negative numbers are supported. In the Windows version, the string is pre-padded with 0's to fit the string length of 8.
IIF Function Windows/Unix
The immediate IF function returns one of two parts depending on the evaluation of an expression. Notice that both parts are evaluated, whether the expression returned true or false, so watch for undesirable side effects.
Syntax: IIF(expression, true-expr, false-expr)
A$ = IIF(6 > 5, "TRUE", "FALSE") '-- returns TRUE
INC Statement Windows/Unix
Increments numeric variable by one, or by the amount specified.
Syntax: INC(variable [, amount])
INC(I)
INC(I, 10)
INITARRAY ARRAY Statement Windows/Unix
Initializes an array with the corresponding values.
Syntax: INITARRAY(Array, value [, ...])
DIM A(1 TO 100) AS INTEGER
INITARRAY(A, 55, 234, 45, 99)
Details:
Equivalently:
DEFINT A(1 TO 100) = {55, 234, 45, 99}
Initializing arrays as opposed to looping through each one saves a bit of time.
INP I/O Function Windows/Unix
A device I/O function that returns the byte value read from an I/O port.
Syntax: INP(port)
A% = INP(&H3C9)
Details:
Port is any word value between 0 and 65535. Return value is in the range 0 to 255.
INPW I/O Function Windows/Unix
A device I/O function that returns the word value read from an I/O port.
Syntax: INPW(port)
A = INPW(&H3C9)
Details:
Port is any word value between 0 and 65535. Return value is also in the range 0 to 65535.
INSERT$ STRING Function Windows/Unix
A function that returns a string with an inserted substring beginning at a specified index.
Syntax: INSERT$(insert-string, source-string, index-number)
A$ = INSERT$("hi", "Hello", 3) '-- returns Hehillo
INSTR STRING Function Windows/Unix
A function that compares 2 strings and returns the position of the find-string with respect to the search-string. If found, INSTR returns the index position of the find-string, 0 otherwise.
Syntax: INSTR([start,] search-string, find-string)
A% = INSTR("Hello", "ll") '-- returns 3
A% = INSTR(4, "hehe they", "he") '-- returns 7
INT MATH Function Windows/Unix
A function that returns the largest integer less than or equal to a numeric-expression. Fractional part is truncated.
Syntax: INT(numeric-expression)
A& = INT(342.97)
KILL SYSTEM Statement Windows/Unix
A statement that removes a disk file.
Syntax: KILL filespec
KILL "mydocuments.txt"
KILL "*.c"
KILLMESSAGE RAPID-Q Specific Windows
A statement that removes a message from the queue.
Syntax: KILLMESSAGE hWnd, Message
KILLMESSAGE form.handle, WM_CHAR
Details:
Ideally, KillMessage should be used inside an event, such as OnKeyDown, to remove any messages you don't want processed further.
LBOUND ARRAY Function Windows/Unix
A function that returns the lower bound of the array.
Syntax: LBOUND(arrayname [,dimension])
DIM A(-50 TO 100) AS INTEGER
L% = LBOUND(A) '-- Returns -50
Details:
If the array has multiple dimensions, you can use the optional dimension argument to check the lower bound of each one.
LCASE$ STRING Function Windows/Unix
A string function that returns a string expression with all letters lower-case.
Syntax: LCASE$(string-expression)
A$ = LCASE$("HELLO") '-- returns hello
LEFT$ STRING Function Windows/Unix
A string function that returns a string consisting of the leftmost n characters of a string.
Syntax: LEFT$(string-expression, n)
A$ = LEFT$("Hello",2) '-- returns he
LEN STRING Function Windows/Unix
A function that returns the number of characters in a string.
Syntax: LEN(string-expression)
A% = LEN("HELLO") '-- returns 5
Details:
LEN will not return the number of bytes required by a variable. This option is available under QBasic.
LFLUSH PRINTER Statement Windows
A statement used to begin a print job.
Syntax: LFLUSH
LPRINT "print this line"
LFLUSH '-- call this to start printing
Details:
You should call LFLUSH after you're satisfied that you want to start printing. If you don't call LFLUSH, then whenever your application terminates is when your document will start its print job.
LIBRARYINST DLL Function Windows
Returns the handle to the DLL module. If the DLL hasn't been loaded yet or is not found, this function returns 0.
Syntax: LIBRARYINST(DLLName)
DECLARE FUNCTION UpdateWindow LIB "USER32" ALIAS _
"UpdateWindow" (hWnd AS LONG) AS LONG
UpdateWindow(0) '-- Using function will load DLL
hInst& = LIBRARYINST("USER32")
Details:
Declaring a function as a DLL function does not automatically load the DLL. The DLL is loaded once the function is used. Please note that library names should match, so in your declaration for LIB "USER32" ... to find this library, you must match that same name. ie. LIBRARYINST("USER32.DLL") returns 0, it must be "USER32" in this particular case. See also UNLOADLIBRARY.
LOG MATH Function Windows/Unix
A math function that returns the natural logarithm of a numeric expression.
Syntax: LOG(numeric-expression)
A# = LOG(10)
LPRINT PRINTER Statement Windows
A statement just like PRINT except all output is directed to the default printer. Make sure to call LFLUSH to start the print job.
Syntax: LPRINT [expressions][{;|,}][...]
LPRINT "print this line"
LFLUSH
Details:
You should call LFLUSH after you're satisfied that you want to start printing. If you don't call LFLUSH, then whenever your application terminates is when your document will start its print job.
LTRIM$ STRING Function Windows/Unix
A string function that returns a string with leading spaces removed.
Syntax: LTRIM$(string-expression)
A$ = LTRIM$(" Hello") '-- returns Hello
MEMCMP MEMORY Function Windows/Unix
A memory function that compares 2 memory addresses and returns 0 if the memory contents do not match, or non-zero otherwise.
Syntax: MEMCMP(ptr1, ptr2, count)
DEFINT I=10, J=10
A% = MEMCMP(VARPTR(I), VARPTR(J), SIZEOF(INTEGER))
MEMCPY MEMORY Function Windows/Unix
A memory function that copies n bytes of memory from source to destination.
Syntax: MEMCPY(destination, source, n)
DEFINT I=90, J=10
'-- After MEMCPY, I should equal 10
MEMCPY(VARPTR(I), VARPTR(J), SIZEOF(INTEGER))
MEMSET MEMORY Function Windows/Unix
A memory function that initializes a memory blocks.
Syntax: MEMSET(ptr, char, size)
DIM IntArray(1 TO 10) AS INTEGER
MEMSET(VARPTR(I(1)), 0, 10*SIZEOF(INTEGER))
MESSAGEBOX RAPID-Q Specific Windows
Displays a simple message box with prompts. This implements Window's MessageBox API function.
Syntax: MESSAGEBOX(message, title, flags%)
IF MessageBox("Close this form?", "Close", 1) = 1 THEN
'-- Close form
END IF
Details:
See Windows API Help file for valid flags.
' MessageBox() Flags
Public Const MB_OK = &H0&
Public Const MB_OKCANCEL = &H1&
Public Const MB_ABORTRETRYIGNORE = &H2&
Public Const MB_YESNOCANCEL = &H3&
Public Const MB_YESNO = &H4&
Public Const MB_RETRYCANCEL = &H5&
Public Const MB_ICONHAND = &H10&
Public Const MB_ICONQUESTION = &H20&
Public Const MB_ICONEXCLAMATION = &H30&
Public Const MB_ICONASTERISK = &H40&
Public Const MB_ICONINFORMATION = MB_ICONASTERISK
Public Const MB_ICONSTOP = MB_ICONHAND
Public Const MB_DEFBUTTON1 = &H0&
Public Const MB_DEFBUTTON2 = &H100&
Public Const MB_DEFBUTTON3 = &H200&
Public Const MB_APPLMODAL = &H0&
Public Const MB_SYSTEMMODAL = &H1000&
Public Const MB_TASKMODAL = &H2000&
Public Const MB_NOFOCUS = &H8000&
Public Const MB_SETFOREGROUND = &H10000
Public Const MB_DEFAULT_DESKTOP_ONLY = &H20000
Public Const MB_TYPEMASK = &HF&
Public Const MB_ICONMASK = &HF0&
Public Const MB_DEFMASK = &HF00&
Public Const MB_MODEMASK = &H3000&
Public Const MB_MISCMASK = &HC000&
Declare Function MessageBox Lib "user32" Alias "MessageBoxA" _
(ByVal hwnd As Long, ByVal lpText As String, ByVal lpCaption As String,
ByVal wType As Long) As Long
· hWnd
Identifies the owner window of the message box to be created. If this parameter
is NULL, the message box has no owner window.
· lpText
Points to a null-terminated string containing the message to be displayed.
· lpCaption
Points to a null-terminated string used for the dialog box title. If this
parameter is NULL, the default title Error is used.
· uType
Specifies a set of bit flags that determine the contents and behavior of the
dialog box. This parameter can be a combination of flags from the following
groups of flags.
Specify
one
of
the
following
flags
to
indicate
the
buttons
contained
in
the
message
box:
MB_ABORTRETRYIGNORE
The
message
box
contains
three
push
buttons:
Abort,
Retry,
and
Ignore.
MB_OK
The
message
box
contains
one
push
button:
OK.
This
is
the
default.
MB_OKCANCEL
The
message
box
contains
two
push
buttons:
OK
and
Cancel.
MB_RETRYCANCEL
The
message
box
contains
two
push
buttons:
Retry
and
Cancel.
MB_YESNO
The
message
box
contains
two
push
buttons:
Yes
and
No.
MB_YESNOCANCEL
The
message
box
contains
three
push
buttons:
Yes,
No,
and
Cancel.
Specify
one
of
the
following
flags
to
display
an
icon
in
the
message
box:
MB_ICONEXCLAMATION,
MB_ICONWARNING
An
exclamation-point
icon
appears
in
the
message
box.
MB_ICONINFORMATION,
MB_ICONASTERISK
An
icon
consisting
of
a
lowercase
letter
i
in
a
circle
appears
in
the
message
box.
MB_ICONQUESTION
A question-mark
icon
appears
in
the
message
box.
MB_ICONSTOP,
MB_ICONERROR,
MB_ICONHAND
A
stop-sign
icon
appears
in
the
message
box.
Specify
one
of
the
following
flags
to
indicate
the
default
button:
MB_DEFBUTTON1 The
first
button
is
the
default
button.
MB_DEFBUTTON1
is
the
default
unless
MB_DEFBUTTON2, MB_DEFBUTTON3, or
MB_DEFBUTTON4 is
specified.
MB_DEFBUTTON2 The
second
button
is
the
default
button.
MB_DEFBUTTON3 The
third
button
is
the
default
button.
MB_DEFBUTTON4 The
fourth
button
is
the
default
button.
Specify
one
of
the
following
flags
to
indicate
the
modality
of
the
dialog
box:
MB_APPLMODAL
The user must respond to the message box before continuing work in the window
identified by the hWnd parameter. However, the user can move to the windows of
other applications and work in those windows.
Depending on the hierarchy of windows in the application, the user may be able
to move to other windows within the application. All child windows of the parent
of the message box are automatically disabled, but popup windows are not.
MB_APPLMODAL is the default if neither MB_SYSTEMMODAL nor MB_TASKMODAL is
specified.
MB_SYSTEMMODAL
Same as MB_APPLMODAL except that the message box has the WS_EX_TOPMOST style.
Use system-modal message boxes to notify the user of serious, potentially
damaging errors that require immediate attention (for example, running out of
memory). This flag has no effect on the user's ability to interact with windows
other than those associated with hWnd.
MB_TASKMODAL
Same as MB_APPLMODAL except that all the top-level windows belonging to the
current task are disabled if the hWnd parameter is NULL. Use this flag when the
calling application or library does not have a window handle available but still
needs to prevent input to other windows in the current application without
suspending other applications.
In addition, you can specify the following flags:
MB_DEFAULT_DESKTOP_ONLY
The desktop currently receiving input must be a default desktop; otherwise, the
function fails. A default desktop is one an application runs on after the user
has logged on.
MB_HELP
Adds a Help button to the message box. Choosing the Help button or pressing F1
generates a Help event.
MB_RIGHT
The text is right-justified.
MB_RTLREADING
Displays message and caption text using right-to-left reading order on Hebrew
and Arabic systems.
MB_SETFOREGROUND
The message box becomes the foreground window. Internally, Windows calls the
SetForegroundWindow function for the message box.
MB_TOPMOST
The message box is created with the WS_EX_TOPMOST window style.
MB_SERVICE_NOTIFICATION
Windows NT only: The caller is a service notifying the user of an event. The
function displays a message box on the current active desktop, even if there is
no user logged on to the computer.
If this flag is set, the hWnd parameter must be NULL. This is so the message box
can appear on a desktop other than the desktop corresponding to the hWnd.
For Windows NT version 4.0, the value of MB_SERVICE_NOTIFICATION has changed.
See WINUSER.H for the old and new values. Windows NT 4.0 provides backward
compatibility for pre-existing services by mapping the old value to the new
value in the implementation of MessageBox and MessageBoxEx. This mapping is only
done for executables that have a version number, as set by the linker, less than
4.0.
To build a service that uses MB_SERVICE_NOTIFICATION, and can run on both
Windows NT 3.x and Windows NT 4.0, you have two choices. 1. At link-time,
specify a version number less than 4.0; or
2. At link-time, specify version 4.0. At run-time, use the GetVersionEx function
to check the system version. Then when running on Windows NT 3.x, use
MB_SERVICE_NOTIFICATION_NT3X; and on Windows NT 4.0, use MB_SERVICE_NOTIFICATION.
MB_SERVICE_NOTIFICATION_NT3X
Windows NT only: This value corresponds to the value defined for
MB_SERVICE_NOTIFICATION for Windows NT version 3.51.
MESSAGEDLG RAPID-Q Specific Windows
Displays a message box with an icon and a user defined caption. This implements Window's MessageBoxEx API function.
Syntax: MESSAGEDLG(string-expression, msgType, msgButtons, helpContext)
IF MessageDlg("Close this form?", mtWarning, mbYes OR mbNo, 0) = mrNo THEN
'-- Don't close form
END IF
Details:
msgType is used to display the type of icon that will be displayed in your message box.
0 = mtWarning 3 = mtConfirmation 1 = mtError 4 = mtCustom 2 = mtInformationmsgButtons is used to display custom dialog buttons. To display more than one message button, just OR them.
1 = mbYes 32 = mbAbort 2 = mbNo 64 = mbRetry 4 = mbOK 128 = mbIgnore 8 = mbCancel 256 = mbAll 16 = mbHelphelpContext is ignored for now.
MID$ STRING Function Windows/Unix
A string function that returns a substring with n chracters starting from i of string-expression.
Syntax: MID$(string-expression, i, n)
A$ = MID$("Hello",3,2) '-- returns ll
Details:
You cannot use MID$ in this way:
MID$(A$, 1, 1) = "G"
Under QBasic, this valid statement replaces the first character from A$ with "G". To acheive the same effect under Rapid-Q, please use the REPLACE$ string function.
MKDIR SYSTEM Statement Windows/Unix
A statement that creates a new directory.
Syntax: MKDIR pathspec
MKDIR "abc"
mkdir "C:\BAS\RAPIDQ\help2\1234" - without last slash
or
mkdir "C:\BAS\RAPIDQ\help2\1234\" - with last slash
All variants are working
Details:
MKDIR will not rewrite a directory if one already exists.
If no path is specified, the directory is created in the current working directory.
OUT I/O Statement Windows/Unix
A device I/O statement that sends a byte value to a machine I/O port.
Syntax: OUT port, value
OUT &H3C9, 128
Details:
OUTW I/O Statement Windows/Unix
A device I/O statement that sends a word value to a machine I/O port.
Syntax: OUTW port, value
OUTW &H378, 128
Details:
PLAYWAV RAPID-Q Specific Windows
Plays a .WAV file or a .WAV resource.
Syntax: PLAYWAV wavfilename|wavresource, sndOptions
$RESOURCE Welcome_WAV AS "welcome.wav"
PLAYWAV "welcome.wav", SND_ASYNC OR SND_LOOP
PLAYWAV Welcome_WAV, SND_ASYNC OR SND_LOOP
Details:
sndOptions determine how the wav file is played back.
0 = SND_SYNC '-- waits for wav to finish 1 = SND_ASYNC '-- background play 3 = SND_LOOP '-- Loop wav once finished playingYou can combine SYNC or ASYNC with LOOP by OR'ing them. If your WAV file is not finished playing when you close your application, you will receive an access violation. You can stop the .WAV by passing an empty string as a filename.
POSTMESSAGE RAPID-Q Specific Windows
A WinAPI call to PostMessage, does not block.
Syntax: POSTMESSAGE hWnd, uMsg, wParam, lParam
POSTMESSAGE Form.Handle, WM_SYSCOMMAND, SC_MINIMIZE, 0
Details:
PostMessage is a WinAPI call so instead of filling this entire page with information you can look up this function in your WinAPI manual/help file.
QUICKSORT SORTING Statement Windows/Unix
QUICKSORT, aptly named, can be used to sort your arrays of any type, except Objects/UDTs of course. It, obviously, uses the QuickSort algorithm to perform the sort.
Syntax: QUICKSORT(Array-begin, Array-end, ASCEND|DESCEND)
DIM A(1000) AS INTEGER
'-- put stuff in A
QUICKSORT(A(10), A(500), ASCEND) '-- sorts elements 10..500
Details:
The pivot element in the above example is A(10), so if you want randomness, you'll have to replace A(10) with some random element from A(10)..A(500) in the above example. You can also sort multi-dimensional arrays and "span sort" arrays.
Span sorting:
DIM A(1 TO 100) AS LONG
DIM B(1 TO 100) AS LONG
DIM C(1 TO 100) AS LONG
'--- puts some values into array A, B, C
RANDOMIZE TIMER
FOR I = 1 TO 100
A(I) = RND(50000)
B(I) = RND(50000)
C(I) = RND(50000)
NEXT
QUICKSORT A(1), C(100), ASCEND
PRINT A(1)," ",B(1)," ",C(1)
As long as you DIM the arrays "side by side" they will share a contiguous
space of memory, this means you can sort from the start of memory address A(1)
to the end of memory address C(100). This technique is not recommended, but
if you can find a use for it, go ahead.
RANDOMIZE MATH Statement Windows/Unix
Initializes (reseeds) the random-number generator.
Syntax: RANDOMIZE [numeric-expression]
RANDOMIZE TIMER
Details:
If argument is omitted, randomize will default as RANDOMIZE TIMER.
READ Statement Windows/Unix
A statement that reads values from a DATA statement and assigns the values to variables.
Syntax: READ variablelist
READ A%, S$, P(1,2)
Details:
Variablelist is made up of one or more variables, separated by commas, which are to receive the data. The variables may be string or numeric.
REDIM Statement Windows/Unix
Declaration statement that changes the space allocated to an array that has already been declared by DIM, preserving as much of the data as possible.
Syntax: REDIM variable[(subscripts)] AS type
DIM B(20) AS INTEGER
REDIM B(100) AS INTEGER
Details:
If the array has not yet been declared by DIM, REDIM will be equivalent to calling DIM (except when dealing with components, in which case you'll receive a compiler error). You cannot change the data type for the array, ie. you cannot redefine array B to be something other than an INTEGER (as in the above example). Combining arrays is a by-product of REDIM.
DIM A(1 to 100) AS INTEGER DIM B(1 to 100) AS INTEGER REDIM A(1 to 200) AS INTEGER '-- Combines A and B togetherWhat the above code does is preserve the data in A as well as combining the array B. so index from 101 to 200 is the data for B and 1 to 100 is the data for A. Clarification: Array B has not been modified, it still maintains its own address space and will not overwrite A's data and vice versa. Note that this by-product does not apply to redimming Fixed Strings, Variants and Components.
DIM Button(1 TO 2, 1 TO 2) AS QBUTTON REDIM Button(1 TO 2, 1 TO 4) AS QBUTTONNote that when dealing with multiple dimensions the elements are shifted to fill each column. So element (2,2) is actually moved to position (1,4).
REM Comment Windows/Unix
A BASIC declaration that allows explanatory remarks to be inserted in a program. It's suggested that you use ' to start your comments instead.
Syntax: REM remark
REM This is a comment, nothing is executed
' This is another comment
a=5 rem
fkfkl,
- not working
a=5 ' fkfkl,
- working
RENAME SYSTEM Statement Windows/Unix
A statement that renames a file. If file already exists the operation is not executed.
Syntax: RENAME file1, file2
RENAME "abc.txt", "xyz.txt"
REPLACE$ STRING Function Windows/Unix
A function that replaces a portion of a string with another.
Syntax: REPLACE$(source-string, replace-string, index)
A$ = REPLACE$("Hello", "J", 1) '-- returns Jello
A$ = REPLACE$("Hello", "Jwer", 1) '-- returns Jwero
A$ = REPLACE$("Hello", "Jwer111111111111", 1) '-- returns Jwer111111111111
REPLACESUBSTR$ STRING Function Windows/Unix
A function that replaces a substring with another string. All occurrences will be replaced. The length of the replacement string does not need to match the length of the replaced string.
Syntax: REPLACESUBSTR$(source-string, replace-string, replacement-string)
A$ = REPLACESUBSTR$("abcdefgabcdefg", "abc", "99") '-- returns 99defg99defg
RESOURCE RESOURCE Function Windows/Unix
A function that returns the absolute position of the resource from the current program.
Syntax: RESOURCE(numeric-expression)
EXTRACTRESOURCE Resource(0), "test.bmp"
Details:
RESOURCE() is an array consisting of 0 to RESOURCECOUNT-1 elements. Element 0 corresponds to the first $RESOURCE handle you specify and so on. If numeric-expression is not in the range 0 to RESOURCECOUNT-1, this function returns 0.
RESOURCECOUNT RESOURCE Function Windows/Unix
A function that returns the number of resources in the current program.
Syntax: RESOURCECOUNT
A% = RESOURCECOUNT
RESTORE Statement Windows/Unix
A statement that allows DATA statements to be reread from a specified line.
Syntax: RESTORE [{linelabel | linenumber}]
RESTORE
Details:
If the argument is omitted, the next READ statement which executes will read the first item in the first DATA statement in the program. Linelabel or Linenumber identifies the DATA statement you want the next READ statement to use. The first item from that line will be read.
REVERSE$ STRING Function Windows/Unix
A function that reverses (or mirrors) a string.
Syntax: REVERSE$(string-expression)
A$ = REVERSE$("Hello") '-- returns olleH
RGB CONVERSION Function Windows/Unix
A conversion function that takes the red, green and blue parameters and combines them to form a BGR numeric representation.
Syntax: RGB(redvalue, greenvalue, bluevalue)
C = RGB(255, 0, 255)
Details:
Values range from 0-255. Values outside this range produce undefined results.
RIGHT$ STRING Function Windows/Unix
A function that returns the rightmost n characters of a string.
Syntax: RIGHT$(string-expression, n)
A$ = RIGHT$("Hello", 3) '-- returns llo
RINSTR STRING Function Windows/Unix
Reverse INSTR is a function that compares 2 strings and returns the position of the find-string with respect to the search-string. Instead of starting the search from left to right, like INSTR, RINSTR searches right to left (ie. the reverse of INSTR). If found, RINSTR returns the index position of the find-string, 0 otherwise.
Syntax: RINSTR([start,] search-string, find-string)
A% = RINSTR("Hello World", "l") '-- returns 10
A% = RINSTR(4, "hehe they", "he") '-- returns 3
RMDIR SYSTEM Statement Windows/Unix
A statement that removes a directory.
Syntax: RMDIR directory
RMDIR "abc" "abc" is subdirectory name in the current directory.
RMDIR "LastCopy\123" sub..subdirectory in the current directory.
RMDIR "C:\W98\" full path
RND MATH Function Windows/Unix
A function that returns a random number whose sequence is generated by calling RANDOMIZE.
Syntax: RND[(upper-bound)]
A% = RND(10)
Details:
If no upper-bound is given, RND returns a decimal number in the range 0 to 1.
ROUND MATH Function Windows/Unix
A math function that converts a number to an integer by rounding the fractional part of the expression.
Syntax: ROUND(numeric-expression)
A% = ROUND(3.49) '-- Returns 3
A% = ROUND(3.50) '-- Returns 4
RTRIM$ STRING Function Windows/Unix
A string function that returns a string with trailing spaces removed.
Syntax: RTRIM$(string-expression)
A$ = RTRIM$("Hello ") '-- returns Hello
RUN SYSTEM Statement Windows/Unix
A statement that executes a specified program without blocking.
Syntax: RUN filespec
RUN "rapidq.exe"
SENDMESSAGE RAPID-Q Specific Windows
A WinAPI call to SendMessage, blocks until message is processed.
Syntax: SENDMESSAGE hWnd, uMsg, wParam, lParam
SENDMESSAGE Form.Handle, WM_SYSCOMMAND, SC_MINIMIZE, 0
Details:
SendMessage is a WinAPI call so instead of filling this entire page with information you can look up this function in your WinAPI manual/help file.
SGN MATH Function Windows/Unix
A math function that indicates the sign of a numeric expression.
Syntax: SGN(numeric-expression)
A% = SGN(-123) '-- Returns -1
Details:
If numeric-expression is positive, SGN returns +1.
If numeric-expression is zero, SGN returns 0.
If numeric-expression is negative, SGN returns -1.
SHELL SYSTEM Statement/Function Windows
SHELL can be called as a statement or as a function. It has the same functionality as RUN except that it blocks your application until the executed one has ended.
Syntax: SHELL command
SHELL "rapidq.exe"
Syntax: SHELL(command, showCMD)
PID = SHELL("rapidq.exe", SW_SHOWNORMAL)
Details:
If calling SHELL as a function, the return value is the process ID of the executed program, and will not block your program. showCMD can be any of the following:
0 = SW_HIDE 6 = SW_MINIMIZE 1 = SW_SHOWNORMAL 7 = SW_SHOWMINNOACTIVE 2 = SW_SHOWMINIMIZED 8 = SW_SHOWNA 3 = SW_SHOWMAXIMIZED 9 = SW_RESTORE 4 = SW_SHOWNOACTIVATE 10 = SW_SHOWDEFAULT 5 = SW_SHOW
Examples:
Shell "command.com /C copy /b one.txt+two.txt oneandtwo.txt"
x=Shell("Command.com /C echo y| del "+chr$(34) + ".\Original\*.*" +chr$(34) , 0)
SHOWMESSAGE RAPID-Q Specific Windows/Unix
A statement used to display a generic popup message box.
Syntax: SHOWMESSAGE string-expression
SHOWMESSAGE "Hello world!"
SIN MATH Function Windows/Unix
A math function that returns the sine of an angle given in radians.
Syntax: SIN(numeric-expression)
PI = 3.14153
C# = SIN(PI)
Details:
Numeric-expression is the angle expressed in radians.
SIZEOF MEMORY Function Windows/Unix
A function that returns the size, in bytes, of a data type.
Syntax: SIZEOF(datatype|variable)
PRINT SIZEOF(MyUDT)
PRINT SIZEOF(MyVar)
PRINT SIZEOF(INTEGER)
Details:
To calculate the size of a UDT, you must first DIM it.
ie. DIM MyUDT AS TMyUDT
SOUND I/O Statement Windows
A device I/O statement that generates sound through the PC Speaker.
Syntax: SOUND frequency, duration
SOUND 4000, 18
Details:
SPACE$ STRING Function Windows/Unix
A string function that returns a string of spaces of length n.
Syntax: SPACE$(n)
A$ = SPACE$(5)
SQR MATH Function Windows/Unix
A math function that returns the square root of a number.
Syntax: SQR(numeric-expression)
A# = SQR(9) '-- returns 3
STATIC Statement Windows/Unix
Similar to DIM, this statement names one or more variables and allocates storage space for them. However, declaring STATIC variables means that variable values are preserved between procedure calls. Note that only simple types are affected.
Syntax: STATIC variable[(subscripts)] AS type
STATIC A AS INTEGER, B AS BYTE, S AS STRING
Details:
STATIC has no affect (ie. same as using DIM) when declared in the main module. Use STATIC only inside a SUB/I or FUNCTION/I.
Examples:
'-- Non static count
SUB Count (N AS INTEGER)
DIM B AS LONG
B = N
IF N = 10 THEN EXIT SUB
Count(N+1)
PRINT B
END SUB
Count(1)
'-- Static count, B retains the same value
SUB StaticCount (N AS INTEGER)
STATIC B AS LONG
B = N
IF N = 10 THEN EXIT SUB
StaticCount(N+1)
PRINT B
END SUB
StaticCount(1)
STR$ CONVERSION Function Windows/Unix
A conversion function that returns a string representation of the value of a numeric expression.
Syntax: STR$(numeric-expression)
A$ = STR$(99)
STRF$ CONVERSION Function Windows
A conversion function that returns a formatted string representation of the value of a numeric expression.
Syntax: STRF$(numeric-expression, Format%, Precision%, Digits%)
A$ = STRF$(99.9934, ffGeneral, 4, 4)
A$ = STRF$(12345678, ffNumber, 8, 0)
Details:
Precision% specifies how many decimal places to calculate.
The following are valid Formats:
0 = ffGeneral 2 = ffFixed 1 = ffExponent 3 = ffNumberffGeneral converts to the shortest possible decimal string, where trailing zeros are removed. Digits% range from values of 0 to 4.
ffExponent converts to scientific notation of the form -d.ddd...E+dddd. Digits% range from values of 0 to 4.
ffFixed converts to fixed point format of the form -ddd.ddd... Digits% range from values of 0 to 18.
ffNumber converts to a number format of the form -d,ddd,ddd.ddd... Where the resulting string contains thousand separators.
STRING$ STRING Function Windows/Unix
A string function that returns a string whose characters all have a given ASCII code or whose characters are all the first character of a string expression.
Syntax: STRING$(count, byte)
A$ = STRING$(9, 65) '-- Returns AAAAAAAAA
Syntax: STRING$(count, string-expression)
A$ = STRING$(9, "ABC") '-- Returns AAAAAAAAA
Details:
The first parameter indicates the number of times to repeat the character. The second parameter can either be a string expression, whose first character is used as the repeat character, or a byte number in the range from 0 to 255 representing the ASCII character code.
SWAP Statement Windows/Unix
An assignment statement that exchanges the values of 2 variables.
Syntax: SWAP variable1, variable2
SWAP A$, B$
Details:
Variable1 and variable2 should be of the same type, but Rapid-Q won't complain. Also, do not swap variants using the SWAP function if their types do not match.
TALLY STRING Function Windows/Unix
Tally counts the number of occurrences of MatchString within a SearchString.
Syntax: TALLY(search-string, match-string)
Count& = TALLY("abcdefghijklmnabc", "abc") '-- returns 2
TAN MATH Function Windows/Unix
A math function that returns the tangent of an angle given in radians.
Syntax: TAN(numeric-expression)
T# = TAN(90)
Details:
Numeric-expression is the angle expressed in radians.
TIME$ SYSTEM Function Windows/Unix
A function that returns a string containing the current time formatted as HH:MM:SS. Where HH = hour (0-23), MM = minute (0-59) and SS = seconds (0-59)
Syntax: TIME$
PRINT TIME$
Details:
Unlike QBasic where you can set the current date using the TIME$ statement, you cannot do this under Rapid-Q.
TIMER SYSTEM Function Windows/Unix
A function that returns the number of seconds elasped since midnight.
Syntax: TIMER
T! = TIMER
Details:
Timer value for Linux/Unix is the number of seconds elasped since your program started.
UBOUND ARRAY Function Windows/Unix
A function that returns the upper bound of the array.
Syntax: UBOUND(arrayname [,dimension])
DIM A(-50 TO 100) AS INTEGER
L% = UBOUND(A) '-- Returns 100
Details:
If the array has multiple dimensions, you can use the optional dimension argument to check the upper bound of each one.
UCASE$ STRING Function Windows/Unix
A string function that returns a string expression with all letters upper-case.
Syntax: UCASE$(string-expression)
A$ = UCASE$("Hello") '-- returns HELLO
UNLOADLIBRARY DLL Statement Windows
Removes DLL from memory (only those declared in Rapid-Q). If DLL hasn't been loaded or is not found, this statement does nothing.
Syntax: UNLOADLIBRARY(DLLName)
DECLARE FUNCTION UpdateWindow LIB "USER32" ALIAS _
"UpdateWindow" (hWnd AS LONG) AS LONG
UNLOADLIBRARY("USER32") '-- Removes USER32.DLL from memory
Details:
It is not required that you unload a DLL, this is done for you when your Rapid-Q program ends. Unloading a DLL library from memory does not mean the function call that requires the DLL will fail. The DLL is again reloaded into memory before the function call, so you can UnLoad it again if you want. Please note that library names should match, so in your declaration for LIB "USER32" ... to unload this library, you must match that same name. UNLOADLIBRARY("USER32.DLL") does nothing, it must be "USER32" in this particular case.
See also LIBRARYINST.
VAL CONVERSION Function Windows/Unix
A conversion function that returns a numeric representation of the string expression.
Syntax: VAL(string-expression)
A = VAL("995")
VARPTR ADDRESS Function Windows/Unix
A function that returns the address, ie. pointer to, of the given variable name. Variable must be a declared variable, ie. not a component variable such as QForm.Caption
Syntax: VARPTR(variablename)
Addr& = VARPTR(MyString$)
Addr& = VARPTR(MyArray(0))
VARPTR$ ADDRESS Function Windows/Unix
A function that returns the string representation of a given address.
Syntax: VARPTR$(address)
S$ = VARPTR$(279027343)
VARTYPE VARIANT Function Windows/Unix
A function that returns the data type of the current value stored in the variant.
Syntax: VARTYPE(variant)
DIM myvariant(100) AS VARIANT
myvariant(1) = "G"
VType = VARTYPE(myvariant(1))
Details:
Valid return values are:
0 - Number (includes Byte, Word, Dword, Short, Long/Integer) 1 - Float (includes Single, Double) 2 - String
Example dim TstNum as variant DEFDBL Number1 Number1=77.0 TstNum=Number1 VType = VARTYPE(TstNum) print "VType0=" ,VType ' Return 0 Number1=77.01 TstNum=Number1 VType = VARTYPE(TstNum) print "VType1=" ,VType ' Return 1All undefined variants are initialized as Numbers.
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